Directives

Types of Directives

• Structural: Modify DOM structure (*ngIf, *ngFor, *ngSwitch)
• Attribute: Modify element appearance/behavior (ngClass, ngStyle)
• Custom: Create your own reusable directives

*ngIf - Conditional Rendering

Basic usage:

import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-player-status',
  standalone: true,
  imports: [CommonModule],
  template: `
    <div *ngIf="isPlaying">
      <p>🎵 Now Playing...</p>
    </div>

    <button (click)="isPlaying = !isPlaying">Toggle Playback</button>
  `
})
export class PlayerStatusComponent {
  isPlaying = false;
}

With else:

<div *ngIf="album; else loading">
  <h2>{{ album.name }}</h2>
  <p>{{ album.artist }}</p>
</div>

<ng-template #loading>
  <p>Loading album data...</p>
</ng-template>

With then/else:

<div *ngIf="isPremium; then premiumContent else freeContent"></div>

<ng-template #premiumContent>
  <p>🎧 Premium Subscription - Unlimited Downloads</p>
</ng-template>

<ng-template #freeContent>
  <p>🎵 Free Tier - Stream Only</p>
</ng-template>

Store result (as):

<div *ngIf="album$ | async as album">
  <p>{{ album.name }}</p>
  <p>{{ album.artist }}</p>
</div>

*ngFor - List Rendering

Basic usage:

@Component({
  selector: 'app-track-list',
  standalone: true,
  imports: [CommonModule],
  template: `
    <ul>
      <li *ngFor="let track of tracks">
        {{ track.title }}
      </li>
    </ul>
  `
})
export class TrackListComponent {
  tracks = [
    { id: 1, title: 'Bohemian Rhapsody' },
    { id: 2, title: 'Stairway to Heaven' },
    { id: 3, title: 'Hotel California' }
  ];
}

With index:

<li *ngFor="let track of tracks; let i = index">
  {{ i + 1 }}. {{ track.title }}
</li>

With trackBy for performance:

@Component({
  selector: 'app-album-list',
  standalone: true,
  imports: [CommonModule],
  template: `
    <div *ngFor="let album of albums; trackBy: trackByAlbumId">
      {{ album.name }}
    </div>
  `
})
export class AlbumListComponent {
  albums = [
    { id: 1, name: 'Dark Side of the Moon', artist: 'Pink Floyd' },
    { id: 2, name: 'Abbey Road', artist: 'The Beatles' }
  ];

  // Tracks items by ID, prevents unnecessary re-renders
  trackByAlbumId(index: number, album: any): number {
    return album.id;
  }
}

*All ngFor variables:

<li *ngFor="let track of tracks;
            let i = index;
            let first = first;
            let last = last;
            let even = even;
            let odd = odd">
  Track {{ i }}: {{ track }}
  <span *ngIf="first">(Opening Track)</span>
  <span *ngIf="last">(Closing Track)</span>
</li>

*ngSwitch - Multiple Conditions

@Component({
  selector: 'app-player-status',
  standalone: true,
  imports: [CommonModule],
  template: `
    <div [ngSwitch]="status">
      <p *ngSwitchCase="'playing'" class="text-green">▶️ Playing</p>
      <p *ngSwitchCase="'paused'" class="text-yellow">⏸️ Paused</p>
      <p *ngSwitchCase="'stopped'" class="text-gray">⏹️ Stopped</p>
      <p *ngSwitchDefault class="text-red">Unknown Status</p>
    </div>

    <button (click)="changeStatus()">Change Player Status</button>
  `
})
export class PlayerStatusComponent {
  status: string = 'playing';

  changeStatus() {
    const statuses = ['playing', 'paused', 'stopped', 'unknown'];
    const current = statuses.indexOf(this.status);
    this.status = statuses[(current + 1) % statuses.length];
  }
}

ngClass - Dynamic CSS Classes

Object syntax:

@Component({
  selector: 'app-play-button',
  standalone: true,
  imports: [CommonModule],
  template: `
    <button
      [ngClass]="{
        'btn-playing': isPlaying,
        'btn-large': isLarge,
        'btn-disabled': isDisabled
      }">
      ▶️ Play Track
    </button>
  `,
  styles: [`
    .btn-playing { background: green; color: white; }
    .btn-large { font-size: 18px; padding: 12px; }
    .btn-disabled { opacity: 0.5; cursor: not-allowed; }
  `]
})
export class PlayButtonComponent {
  isPlaying = true;
  isLarge = false;
  isDisabled = false;
}

Array syntax:

<div [ngClass]="['class1', 'class2', 'class3']">
  Content
</div>

String syntax:

<div [ngClass]="'class1 class2'">
  Content
</div>

Method syntax:

@Component({
  template: `
    <div [ngClass]="getClasses()">Content</div>
  `
})
export class MyComponent {
  getClasses() {
    return {
      'active': this.isActive,
      'highlighted': this.isHighlighted
    };
  }
}

ngStyle - Dynamic Inline Styles

Object syntax:

@Component({
  selector: 'app-track-title',
  standalone: true,
  imports: [CommonModule],
  template: `
    <p [ngStyle]="{
      'color': textColor,
      'font-size': fontSize + 'px',
      'font-weight': isBold ? 'bold' : 'normal',
      'background-color': bgColor
    }">
      🎵 Now Playing: Bohemian Rhapsody
    </p>

    <input [(ngModel)]="textColor" placeholder="Color">
    <input type="number" [(ngModel)]="fontSize">
  `
})
export class TrackTitleComponent {
  textColor = 'blue';
  fontSize = 16;
  isBold = false;
  bgColor = '#f0f0f0';
}

Custom Attribute Directive

Modern signal-based directive:

import { Directive, ElementRef, input, effect, inject } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({
  selector: '[appHighlight]',
  standalone: true,
  host: {
    '(mouseenter)': 'onMouseEnter()',
    '(mouseleave)': 'onMouseLeave()'
  }
})
export class HighlightDirective {
  private el = inject(ElementRef);

  // Signal-based inputs
  appHighlight = input<string>('yellow');
  defaultColor = input<string>('transparent');

  constructor() {
    // Set default color on init
    effect(() => {
      this.el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = this.defaultColor();
    });
  }

  onMouseEnter() {
    this.highlight(this.appHighlight());
  }

  onMouseLeave() {
    this.highlight(this.defaultColor());
  }

  private highlight(color: string) {
    this.el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = color;
  }
}

Usage in component:

@Component({
  selector: 'app-playlist',
  standalone: true,
  imports: [HighlightDirective],
  template: `
    <p appHighlight>🎵 Track 1: Bohemian Rhapsody</p>
    <p [appHighlight]="'lightblue'">🎵 Track 2: Stairway to Heaven</p>
    <p [appHighlight]="'pink'" [defaultColor]="'lightgray'">
      🎵 Track 3: Hotel California
    </p>
  `
})
export class PlaylistComponent {}

Custom Structural Directive

*Unless directive (opposite of ngIf):

import { Directive, input, effect, TemplateRef, ViewContainerRef } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({
  selector: '[appUnless]',
  standalone: true
})
export class UnlessDirective {
  // Signal-based input
  appUnless = input<boolean>(false);

  constructor(
    private templateRef: TemplateRef<any>,
    private viewContainer: ViewContainerRef
  ) {
    // Effect reacts to condition changes
    effect(() => {
      const condition = this.appUnless();

      if (!condition) {
        // Show content when condition is FALSE
        if (this.viewContainer.length === 0) {
          this.viewContainer.createEmbeddedView(this.templateRef);
        }
      } else {
        // Remove content when condition is TRUE
        this.viewContainer.clear();
      }
    });
  }
}

Usage:

@Component({
  selector: 'app-track-display',
  standalone: true,
  imports: [UnlessDirective],
  template: `
    <p *appUnless="isHidden">
      🎵 Now Playing: Bohemian Rhapsody - Queen
    </p>
    <button (click)="isHidden = !isHidden">Toggle Track Display</button>
  `
})
export class TrackDisplayComponent {
  isHidden = false;
}

Practical Custom Directives

Click Outside Directive

import { Directive, ElementRef, output, inject } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({
  selector: '[appClickOutside]',
  standalone: true,
  host: {
    '(document:click)': 'onClick($event.target)'
  }
})
export class ClickOutsideDirective {
  private elementRef = inject(ElementRef);
  // Signal-based output
  clickOutside = output<void>();

  onClick(target: HTMLElement) {
    const clickedInside = this.elementRef.nativeElement.contains(target);
    if (!clickedInside) {
      this.clickOutside.emit();
    }
  }
}

Usage:

@Component({
  template: `
    <div class="genre-filter"
         appClickOutside
         (clickOutside)="closeFilter()">
      <button (click)="isOpen = !isOpen">🎸 Genre Filter</button>
      <div *ngIf="isOpen" class="menu">
        <p>🎸 Rock</p>
        <p>🎹 Jazz</p>
        <p>🎤 Pop</p>
      </div>
    </div>
  `
})
export class GenreFilterComponent {
  isOpen = false;

  closeFilter() {
    this.isOpen = false;
  }
}

Auto-focus Directive

import { Directive, ElementRef, OnInit, inject } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({
  selector: '[appAutoFocus]',
  standalone: true
})
export class AutoFocusDirective implements OnInit {
  private el = inject(ElementRef);

  ngOnInit() {
    setTimeout(() => {
      this.el.nativeElement.focus();
    }, 0);
  }
}

Usage:

<input appAutoFocus placeholder="Search for tracks...">

Debounce Click Directive

import { Directive, input, output } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({
  selector: '[appDebounceClick]',
  standalone: true,
  host: {
    '(click)': 'onClick($event)'
  }
})
export class DebounceClickDirective {
  // Signal-based inputs/outputs
  debounceTime = input<number>(500);
  debounceClick = output<Event>();

  private timeout: any;

  onClick(event: Event) {
    event.preventDefault();
    event.stopPropagation();

    clearTimeout(this.timeout);
    this.timeout = setTimeout(() => {
      this.debounceClick.emit(event);
    }, this.debounceTime());
  }
}

Usage:

<button
  appDebounceClick
  [debounceTime]="1000"
  (debounceClick)="addToFavorites()">
  ⭐ Add to Favorites (debounced)
</button>

Best Practices

• Use structural directives for DOM manipulation
• Use attribute directives for styling/behavior
• Prefer built-in directives over custom when possible
• Use trackBy with *ngFor for performance
• Keep custom directives focused (single responsibility)
• Use HostListener for event handling
• Use HostBinding for property binding
• Make custom directives reusable and configurable
• Use standalone: true for all new directives